home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search
- WORLD, Page 63INDIAFatal Fires of Protest
-
-
- Why Singh's decision to improve the lot of lower-caste members
- has driven so many Indians to commit suicide
-
- By EDWARD W. DESMOND/NEW DELHI -- Reported by Anita Pratap/New
- Delhi
-
-
- Rajiv Goswami, 20, does not have the obvious makings of a
- hero. His father is a postmaster, and he grew up with six
- doting sisters in a typically middle-class family belonging to
- the Brahmin caste, the highest in the Hindu social order. At
- Deshbandhu College in New Delhi, he was a mediocre student, and
- he hoped to start work as a refrigeration engineer after
- graduation.
-
- Ramakant Chaturvedi, 26, showed no more tendency toward
- dramatic self-sacrifice. The son of a political-science
- teacher, he also came from a middle-class Brahmin family. After
- finishing college in Bhind, he tried in vain to get a
- government job but found it hopeless because of quotas that
- limit positions for upper castes.
-
- What has made these two men so remarkable is that they,
- along with scores of others across northern India, have become
- martyrs over the past three weeks, in most cases by setting
- themselves on fire. Chaturvedi and 38 others died, while
- Goswami and at least 126 others were hospitalized. All the
- young men and women were upper-caste Hindus, and all were
- incensed by Prime Minister V.P. Singh's announcement that as
- part of an affirmative-action effort, he would more than
- double, to 50%, the job quota for the lower castes and other
- disadvantaged groups. Singh called his move on behalf of what
- amounts to 52% of the population a "momentous decision for
- social justice."
-
- Students like Goswami and Chaturvedi, however, saw the
- tactic as a cynical stunt aimed at winning Singh a new
- constituency among the lower-caste voters. At stake are an
- estimated 50,000 government jobs that until now were open to
- upper-caste students. The competitive university system
- produces far more graduates than the job market can absorb, and
- young upper-caste Indians are extremely eager to find jobs that
- will pay well enough to meet their middle-class expectations.
- Now they face a situation where no matter how well they do in
- school, it will be considerably harder to get those posts.
- "Politicians are playing vote-catching gimmicks at our cost,"
- says Abhishek Saket, 22, a history student at Delhi University.
- "I will end up a beggar or something." Says Madan Lal Goswami,
- the father of the hospitalized Rajiv: "My son has done the
- right thing. Some good will flow out of his sacrifice."
-
- Another key factor animating the students' rage is a sense
- of betrayal. There is a widespread belief that Singh, who
- enjoyed a large following among students because he stressed
- honest, "value-based politics," compromised those principles
- by setting aside the jobs for lower castes. Though Singh does
- have a history of commitment to social reform, it is also
- undeniable that he needed a stronger mandate to prop up his
- minority government. The affirmative-action decision not only
- gave Singh fresh support from a huge part of the electorate; it
- also undermined several of his political enemies who rely on the
- allegiance of lower-caste members. Arun Shourie, editor of the
- Indian Express, a New Delhi-based daily, called Singh's move
- "crass casteism disguised as progressive reform."
-
- To Singh's supporters, the students are simply opposed to
- reforms that will help the disadvantaged. "All this hysteria
- is because the ruling elite sees a challenge to its hold on
- power," says Bhabani Sen Gupta, a leading political analyst.
- There is a long-standing consensus in Indian politics that the
- government must intervene to improve the status of Indians
- demeaned and impoverished by the traditional Hindu caste
- system, which still stratifies a large sector of society,
- condemning as much as 75% of the population to lives of drudgery
- and discrimination.
-
- In 1950 the government set aside 22.5% of slots in schools
- and jobs for members of "scheduled castes," predominantly
- untouchables, who are at the bottom of Hindu society, and
- "scheduled tribes," native peoples who live in primitive
- conditions. In 1978 a commission headed by B.P. Mandal, a
- prominent political leader of lower-caste Indians, recommended
- that additional jobs be set aside for more than 3,000 groups
- designated "other backward classes" that suffer from a lack of
- status. Singh used that recommendation as the basis for his
- decision to reserve 27.5% of government jobs for the "other
- backward classes."
-
- While there is significant support among intellectuals and
- lower-caste politicians for Singh's action, there are also
- doubts that his efforts will reach those most in need. For one
- thing, Singh has done nothing to increase educational
- opportunities for the most deprived, which is perhaps the most
- important key to improving their lives. For another,
- politicians representing some large lower-caste groups, like the
- Yadavs (cow herders) of the northern states of Bihar and Uttar
- Pradesh, already dominate state politics. They are bound to use
- the new quotas as a means to spread their own patronage, a
- practice as inexorable as caste itself in Indian politics.
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-